“THE GREENING” OF THE TUNDRA AS A DRIVER OF THE MODERN DYNAMICS OF ARCTIC BIOTA

In 2014-2017 with the use of remote and ground-based research, the analysis of different-scale, different-time and multidirectional changes in the biota and ecosystems of the Russian Arctic in the conditions of synergy of the changing climate and expanding economic activity was carried out. The results of the first stage of the research were published earlier. It is revealed that in total territories with the destabilized mode of development make more than 10% of the area of azrf. The reasons for the destabilization of ecosystems — “greening” of the tundra-are mainly due to an increase in productivity due to the growth of the projective cover of grassy and shrub vegetation. It is the driver of many modern processes of dynamics of Arctic biota (composition, distribution and changes in the number of birds and mammals) and the causation chain affects the traditional economy of the indigenous peoples of the North and regional features of the industrial development of the Russian Arctic. The article presents data on changes in population dynamics, distribution and migration of some representatives of the Arctic biota — lemming, wild reindeer, wolverines, sea and water birds. The greening of the Arctic is making major adjustments to the strategy for the conservation of the biota and ecosystems of the Russian Arctic, related to the implementation of obligations under a number of international agreements, primarily the Convention on climate change and the Convention on biological diversity.

1. Ryazanova N. E., Sorokin P. A. Opyt primeneniya distantsionnogo zondirovaniya rastitel’nosti pri issledovanii dinamiki ekosistem rossiiskoi Arktiki. [Experience of application of remote sensing of vegetation in the study of the dynamics of ecosystems of the Russian Arctic]. Nauki o Zemle: vchera, segodnya, zavtra: Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (g. Sankt-Peterburg, iyul’ 2017 g.). St. Petersburg, Svoe izd-vo, 2017, pp. 7—12. (In Russian).
2. Tishkov A. A. Sovremennye prirodnye i antropogennye trendy sostoyaniya arkticheskikh landshaftov i novyi vektor mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo sotrudnichestva v rossiiskoi Arktike. [Modern natural and anthropogenic trends of Arctic landscapes and a new vector of international scientific cooperation in the Russian Arctic]. Sovrem. proizvodit. sily, 2015, no. 3, pp. 113—128. (In Russian).
3. Tishkov A. A., Krenke-ml. A. N. “Pozelenenie” Arktiki v KhKhI veke kak effekt sinergizma deistviya global’nogo potepleniya i khozyaistvennogo osvoeniya. [“Greening” of the Arctic in the XXI century as a synergy effect of global warming and economic development]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2015, no. 4 (20), pp. 28—37. (In Russian).
4. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Vaisfel’d M. A., Glazov P. M., Krenke-ml. A. N., Morozova O. V., Pokrovskaya I. V., Tsarevskaya N. G., Tertitskii G. M. “Pozelenenie” landshaftov Arktiki kak sledstvie sovremennykh klimatogennykh i antropogennykh trendov rastitel’nosti. [“Greening” landscapes of the Arctic as a consequence of modern climate-driven and anthropogenic trends of the vegetation]. Izv. RGO, 2016, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 14—24. (In Russian).
5. Belonovskaya E. A., Tishkov A. A., Vaisfel’d M. A., Glazov P. M., Krenke-ml. A. N., Morozova O. V., Pokrovskaya I. V., Tsarevskaya N. G., Tertitskii G. M. “Pozelenenie” Arktiki i sovremennye trendy ee bioty. [“Greening” of the Arctic and modern trends of its biota]. Izv. Ros. akad. nauk. Ser. geogr, 2016, no. 3, pp. 28—39. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2016-3-28-39. (In Russian).
6. Bazilevich N. I., Tishkov A. A. Live and dead reserves and primary production in polar desert, tundra and forest tundra of the former Soviet Union. Ecosystems of the world 3. Polar and alpine tundra. Ed. F. E. Wielgolaski. Amsterdam; Lausanne; New York; Oxford; Shannon; Singapore; Tokyo, Elsevier publ., 1997, pp. 509—539.
7. Morozova O. V. Taksonomicheskoe bogatstvo flory Vostochnoi Evropy: faktory prostranstvennoi differentsiatsii. [Taxonomic richness of flora of Eastern Europe: factors of spatial differentiation]. Moscow, Nauka, 2008, 328 p. (In Russian).
8. Rossiiskaya Arktika: na poroge katastrofy. [Russian Arctic: on the verge of catastrophe]. Moscow, Tsentr ekol. politiki Rossii, 1996, 206 p. (In Russian).
9. Walker D. A., Epstein H. E., Raynolds M. K. et al. Environment, vegetation and greenness (NDVI) along the North America and Eurasia Arctic transects. Environ. Res. Lett, 2012, 7, pp. 1—17.
10. Callaghan T. V., Johansson M., Key J. et al. Feedbacks and interactions: From the Arctic cryosphere to the climate system. Ambio, 2011, vol. 40, pp. 75—86.
11. Vtoroi otsenochnyi doklad Rosgidrometa ob izmeneniyakh klimata i ikh posledstviyakh na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Tekhnicheskoe rezyume. [The second assessment report of Roshydromet on climate change and its consequences on the territory of the Russian Federation. Technical summary]. Moscow, Rosgidromet, 2014, 93 p. (In Russian).
12. Bhatt U. S., Walker D. A., Raynolds M. K., Bieniek P. A., Epstein H. E., Comiso J. C., Pinzon J. E., Tucker C. J., Polyakov I. V. Recent declines in warming and arctic vegetation greening trends over pan-Arctic tundra. Remote Sens (Special NDVI3g Issue), 2013, no. 5, pp. 4229—4254.
13. Tishkov A. A. Biosfernye funktsii prirodnykh ekosistem Rossii. [Biosphere functions of natural ecosystems of Russia]. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, 309 p. (In Russian).
14. Karelin D. V., Zamolodchikov D. G. Balans ugleroda v tundre v usloviyakh sovremennogo klimata: rol’ podzemnoi sostavlyayushchei chistoi produktsii ekosistemy. [The carbon Balance in the tundra in the modern climate: the role of the underground component of the net production of the ecosystem]. Dokl. Akad. nauk, 2014, vol. 458, no. 2, pp. 243—245. (In Russian).
15. Lavrinenko I. A., Lavrinenko O. V. Vliyanie klimaticheskikh izmenenii na rastitel’nyi pokrov ostrovov Barentseva morya. [Influence of climatic changes on vegetation cover of the Barents sea islands]. Tr. Karel. nauch. tsentra RAN, 2013, iss. 6, pp. 5—16. (In Russian).
16. Walter K. M., Zimov S. A., Chanton J. P., Verbyla D., Chapin III F. S. Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature, 2006, vol. 443, pp. 71—75.
17. Chernyavskii F. B., Tkachev A. V. Populyatsionnye tsikly lemmingov v Arktike: ekologicheskie i endokrinnye aspekty. [Population cycles of lemmings in the Arctic. Environmental and endocrine aspects]. Moscow, 1982, 163 p. (In Russian).
18. Cornulier Th., Yoccoz N. G., Bretagnolle V. et al. Europe-Wide Dampening of Population Cycles in Keystone Herbivores. Science, 2013, vol. 340, pp. 63—66.
19. Kausrud K. L., Mysterud A., Steen H. et al. Linking climate change to lemming cycles. Nature, 2008, vol. 456, pp. 93—97.
20. Kataev G. D. Monitoring prostranstvenno-vremennogo raspredeleniya norvezhskogo lemminga Lemmus lemmus na primere populyatsii Kol’skogo severa. [Monitoring spatial-temporal distribution of Norwegian lemming Lemmus lemmus by the example of the population of the Kola North]. Nazemnye i morskie ekosistemy. Ser. “Vklad Rossii v Mezhdunarodnyi polyarnyi god 2007/08”. Moscow, Paulsen, 2011, pp. 325—335. (In Russian).
21. Orlov V. A., Sarancha D. A., Shelepova O. A. Matematicheskaya model’ dinamiki chislennosti populyatsii lemmingov (Lemmus, Dicrostonyx) i ee ispol’zovanie dlya opisaniya populyatsii Vostochnogo Taimyra. [Mathematical model of population dynamics of lemmings (Lemmus, Dicrostonyx) and its use for describtion of the populations of the Eastern Taimyr Peninsula]. Ekologiya, 1986, no. 2, pp. 43—51. (In Russian).
22. Danilkin A. A. Dinamika naseleniya dikikh kopytnykh Rossii: gipotezy, faktory, zakonomernosti. [Population dynamics of wild ungulates in Russia: hypotheses, factors and regularities]. Moscow, KMK, 2009, 310 p. (In Russian).
23. Baskin L. M. Severnyi olen’. Upravlenie povedeniem i populyatsiyami. Severnoe olenevodstvo i okhota. [Reindeer behavior and population management. Reindeer herding and hunting]. Moscow, KMK, 2009, 300 p. (In Russian).
24. Severnyi olen’ v usloviyakh izmenyayushchegosya klimata. [Reindeer in a changing climate]. Gos. polyar. akad. St. Petersburg, 2014, 243 p. (In Russian).
25. Tumanov I. L. Rosomakha Palearktiki. [Wolverine in the Palaearctic]. St. Petersburg, Branko, 2012, 320 p. (In Russian).
26. Sostoyanie okhotnich’ikh resursov v Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 2008—2013 gg. [The condition of hunting resources of the Russian Federation in 2008-2013]. Available at: http://www.ohotcontrol.ru/resource/Resources_2008-2013/Resources_2008-2013.php. (In Russian).