CHANGES IN THE LAND AREA OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC FOR THE BIOTA DEVELOPMENT

A distinguishing feature of the Arctic zone landscapes is the abundance of open young surfaces, devoid of vegetation, on which primary successions of biota develop. They are formed mainly along the shores of the Arctic Ocean and are actively developed by flora and fauna. The emergence of a «new land» is due to the wide of neotectonic uplifts in the Arctic, the retreat of glaciers, the drying up of thermokarst lakes, and alluvial and eolian processes. Along with this, as a result of the widespread rise in sea level, there is an increase in the area of water, retreat and destruction of coasts, especially in permafrost regions. The authors, using original methods for analyzing satellite images of 1990—1995 and 2018—2022 and synthesizing published data, try to assess the balance of the outcomes of the multidirectional processes of the appearance of the “new land” and the rise of the ocean level in the western sector of the Arctic coast of Russia under the conditions of climate change.

1. Tishkov A. A. Biospheric functions of natural ecosystems in Russia. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, 309 p. (In Russian).

2. Tishkov A. A. Vegetation successions of zonal ecosystems: comparative geographical analysis, significance for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra RAN, 2012, vol. 14, no. 1 (5), pp. 1387—1391. (In Russian).

3. Serebryanny L. R., Tishkov A. A., Malyasova E. S., Solomina O. N., Ilves E. O. Reconstruction of the development of vegetation in Arctic high latitudes. Polar geography and geology, 1985, vol. 9, pp. 308—321.

4. Zamyatin A. V., Markov N. G. Analysis of the dynamics of the earth’s surface according to the data of remote sensing of the Earth. Moscow, Fizmatlit, 2007, 176 p. (In Russian).

5. Pekel J.-F., Cottam A., Gorelick N., Belward A. S. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature, 2016, vol. 540, pp. 418—422.

6. Tishkov A. A., Krenke Jr A. N. “Greening“ of the Arctic in the XXI century as a synergy effect of global warming and economic development. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2015, no. 4, pp. 28—38. (In Russian).

7. Tishkov A. A., Weisfeld M. A., Glazov P. M., Morozova O. V., Puzachenko A. Yu., Tertitsky G. M., Titova S. V. Biotically significant climate trends and biota dynamics in the Russian Arctic. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2019, no. 1 (33), pp. 71—87. (In Russian).

8. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Glazov P. M., Krenke A. N., Titova S. V., Tsarevskaya N. G. Shmatova A. G. Anthropogenic transformation of Arctic ecosystems in Russia: approaches, methods, assessments. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2019, no. 4 (36), pp. 38—51. (In Russian).

9. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Glazov P. M., Krenke A. N., Puzachenko A. Yu., Tertitsky G. M., Titova S. V. Tundra and forests of the Russian Arctic: a vector of interaction in the conditions of modern climate warming. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2020, no. 3 (39), pp. 48—61. (In Russian).

10. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Krenke A. N., Titova S. V., Tsarevskaya N. G. Changes in the biological productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in the Russian Arctic in the XXI century. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2021, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29—41. DOI: 10.25283/2223-4594-2021-1-29-40. (In Russian).

11. Tishkov A. A., Asoyan D. S. Geographical discoveries of the XX century. Priroda, 2020, no. 2, pp. 25—37. (In Russian).

12. Lukin Yu. F. The Russian Arctic grows with the islands. Arktika i Sever, 2015, no. 18, pp. 61—80. (In Russian).

13. Five new islands have been officially discovered in the Arctic. Available at: https://www.rgo.ru/ru/article/v-arktike-oficialno-otkryty-pyat-novyh-ostrovov. (In Russian).

14. Baranskaya A. V. The role of the latest vertical tectonic movements in the formation of the relief of the coasts of the Russian Arctic. Diss. for the degree of Candidate Geogr. Sciences. St. Petersburg, S.-Petersb. gos. un-t, 2015, 258 p. (In Russian).

15. Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific conference “Late and post-glacial history of the White Sea: geology, tectonics, sedimentation settings, chronology”: collection of articles. Moscow, KDU, Univ. kniga, 2018. 196 p. (In Russian).

16. Baranskaya A. V., Romanenko F. A. The latest vertical movements of the earth’s crust of the Karelian coast of the White Sea. Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific conference “Late and post-glacial history of the White Sea: geology, tectonics, sedimentation settings, chronology”: collection of articles. Moscow, KDU, Univ. kniga, 2018, pp. 13—19. (In Russian).

17. Kolka V. V., Evzerov V. Ya., Møller J. J., Korner G. D. Postglacial glacioisostatic uplifts in the northeast of the Baltic Shield. New data on geology and minerals of the Kola Peninsula. Apatity, KSC RAS, 2005, pp. 15—25. (In Russian).

18. Romanenko F. A., Shilova O. S. Post-glacial uplifts of the Karelian coast of the White Sea according to the data of radiocarbon and diatom analysis of lacustrine-marsh deposits of the Kindo Peninsula. Doklady RAN, 2012, vol. 442, pp. 544—548. (In Russian).

19. Olyunina O. S., Romanenko F. A. Uplift of the Karelian coast of the White Sea in the Holocene based on the results of the study of peat bogs. Materialy V Vserossiiskogo soveshchaniya po izucheniyu chetvertichnogo perioda: “Fundamental’nye problemy kvartera: itogi izucheniya i osnovnye napravleniya dal’neishih issledovanii”. Moscow, GEOS, 2007, pp. 312—315. (In Russian).

20. Kozhin M. N. Floristic diversity of the islands of the Kandalaksha Bay. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 5. Geografiya, 2011, no. 6, pp. 85—90. (In Russian).

21. Cherenkov A. B., Semashko V. Yu., Tertitsky G. M. Birds of the Solovetsky Islands and Onega Bay. Arkhangelsk, 2014, 383 p. (In Russian).

22. Subetto D. A. Bottom sediments of lakes: paleoclimatic reconstructions. St. Petersburg, Nauka, 2009, 338 p. (In Russian).

23. Corner G. D., Kolka V. V., Yevzerov V. Y., Møller J. J. Postglacial relative sea-level change and stratigraphy of raised coastal basins on Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. Global and Planetary Change, 2001, vol. 31, pp. 155—177.

24. Corner G. D., Yevzerov V. Y., Kolka V. V., Møller J. J. Isolation basin stratigraphy and Holocene relative sea—level change at the Norwegian-Russian border north of Nikel, northwest Russia. Boreas, 1999, vol. 28, pp. 146—166.

25. Rose S. K., Andersen O. B., Passaro M., Ludwigsen C. A., Schwatke C. Arctic Ocean Sea Level Record from the Complete Radar Altimetry Era: 1991—2018. Remote Sensing, 2019, vol. 11 (14), 1672. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1114167.

26. Lemeshko E. E., Lemeshko E. M. Trends in the level of the Arctic Ocean. Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ pribrezhnoi i shel’fovoi zon morya, 2020, no. 2, pp. 28—40. (In Russian).

27. Likhacheva E. A., Koshkarev A. V., Morozova A. V., Nekrasova L. A., Chesnokova I. V., Chernogaeva G. M. Ecological and geomorphological analysis of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Moscow, Media-Press, 2020, 120 p. (In Russian).

28. Khromova T. E., Nosenko G. A., Glazovsky A. F., Muravyov A. Ya., Nikitin S. A., Lavrentiev I. I. New Catalog of Russian Glaciers Based on Satellite Data (2016—2019). Lyod i Sneg, 2021, vol. 61 (3), pp. 341—358. (In Russian).

29. Carr J. R., Bell H., Killick R., Holt T. Exceptional retreat of Novaya Zemlya’s marine-terminating outlet glaciers between 2000 and 2013. The Cryosphere, 2017, vol. 11, pp. 2149—2174. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2149-2017.

30. White A., Copland L. Area change of glaciers across Northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, between ~1999 and ~2015. J. of Glaciology, 2018, vol. 64 (246), pp. 609—623.

31. Nuth C., Kohler J., König M., von Deschwanden A., Hagen J. O., Kääb A., Moholdt G., Pettersson R. Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard. The Cryosphere, 2013, vol. 7, pp. 1603—1621. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1603-2013.

32. Mernild S. H., Malmros J. K., Yde J. C., De Villiers S., Tvis K. N., Wilson R. Glacier changes in the circumpolar Arctic and subArctic, mid-1980s to late-2000s/2011. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish J. of Geography, 2015, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 39—56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2015.1026917.

33. Catalog of glaciers of the USSR. Vol. 3. Northern Territory. Institut geografii AN SSSR. Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat, 1965, 147 p. (In Russian).

34. Smith L. C., Sheng Y., MacDonald G. M., Hinzman L. D. Disappearing Arctic lakes. Science, 2005, vol. 308. pp. 1429.

35. Anisimov O. A., Vaughan D. G., Callaghan T. V., Furgal C., Marchant H., Prowse T. D., Vilhjalsson H., Walsh J. E. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, C. E. Hanson, Eds. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007, pp. 653—685.

36. Kirpotin S. N., Polishchuk Yu. M., Bryksina N. A. Dynamics of areas of thermokarst lakes in continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones of Western Siberia in the context of global warming. Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2008, no. 311, pp. 185—196. (In Russian).

37. Bryksina N. A., Kirpotin S. N. Landscape and space analysis of changes in the area and number of thermokarst lakes in the permafrost zone of Western Siberia. Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, 2012, no. 4 (20), pp. 185—194. (In Russian).

38. Rodionova T. V. Investigation of the dynamics of thermokarst lakes in various regions of the permafrost zone of Russia based on space images. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of geography sciences, Moscow, Geograficheskii fakul’tet MGU im M. V. Lomonosova. Moscow, 2013, 26 p. (In Russian).

39. Dolgopolova E. N. The role of permafrost in the formation of the hydrological and morphological regime of river mouths in the catchment area of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 2018, no. 4 (32), pp. 70—85. (In Russian).

40. Alekseevsky N. I., Magritsky D. V., Mikhailov V. N. Anthropogenic and natural changes in hydrological restrictions for nature management in the river deltas of the Russian Arctic. Vodnoe hozyaistvo Rossii: problemy, tekhnologii, upravlenie, 2015, no. 1, pp. 14—31. (In Russian).

41. Lavrinenko I. A., Lavrinenko O. V., Dobrynin D. V. Long-term dynamics and death of vegetation in the marshes of the Kolokolkova Bay of the Barents Sea. Rastitel’nost’ Rossii, 2012, no. 21, pp. 66—77. (In Russian).

42. Moseev D. S. Vegetation dynamics of marshes of tidal estuaries of the White Sea and the Chosha Bay of the Barents Sea. Okeanologicheskie issledovaniya, 2019, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 32—52. (In Russian).

43. Sergienko L. A. Salt marsh flora and vegetation of the Russian Arctic coasts. Czech polar reports, 2013, vol. 3 (1), pp. 30—37.

44. Hampton-Miller C. J., Neitlich P. N., Swanson K. D. A high-resolution map of coastal vegetation for two Arctic Alaskan parklands: An object-oriented approach with point training data. PlosOne, 2022, vol. 17 (8), e0273893. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273893.

45. Tishkov A. A. Primary succession in arctic tundra on the west coast of Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Polar Geography and Geology, 1986, vol. 10, pp. 148—156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10889378609377282.