BIOME DIFFERENTIATION IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC

The article discusses various aspects of the biome division of the Russian Arctic and its significance for assessing climatic and anthropogenic changes in ecosystems. Different authors base the biome differentiation of the Arctic on the zonal-provincial principle, which takes into account the latitudinal temperature gradient and the meridional gradient of the continentality of the climate. As a result, from 6 to 20 or more biomes are allocated directly for the Russian Arctic to assess conveniently biodiversity, the response of ecosystems to climate change, to form a representative network of protected natural areas, etc. To characterize the climate and biodiversity, the authors use the schemes of biome division of the Russian Arctic, presented on the existing versions of maps of Russian biomes [10; 18]. They give quantitative characteristics of biomes that are important in relation to the regulation of economic activity and optimization of the territorial protection of biota and ecosystems in the Arctic.

1. Udwardy M. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the World. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Occasional Papers, 1975, no. 18, pp. 5—47.

2. Udwardy M. The IUCN/UNESCO system of biogeographic provinces in relation to the biosphere reserves. 1st Intern. Biosphere Reserve Congr. Minsk, 26 Sept. — 2 Oct., vol. 1. Paris, 1984, pp. 16—19.

3. Walter H., Box E. Global classification of natural terrestrial ecosystem. Vegetatio, 1976, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 75—81.

4. Nature protected areas of Russia: current state and perspectives. V. G. Krever, M. S. Stishov, I. A. Onufrenya. Moscow, WWF-Russia, 459 p. (In Russian).

5. Anisimov O. S., Zhiltsova E. L., Razzhivin V. Yu. Modeling of bioproductivity in the Arctic zone of Russia using satellite observations. Issledovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2015, no. 3, рp. 60—70. (In Russian).

6. Stishov M. S. Nature protected areas of the Russian Arctic: current state and prospects of development. Moscow, WWF-Russia, 2013, 433 p. (In Russian).

7. Daniëls F. J. A., Gillespie L. J., Poulin M. Plants. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Akureyri. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, 2013, pp. 312—347.

8. Dinerstein E., Olson D. et al. An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm. BioScience, 2017, vol. 67, iss. 6, pp. 534—545.

9. Tishkov A. A. Biosphere functions of natural ecosystems of Russia. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, 309 p. (In Russian).

10. Tishkov A. A. Map of biomes of Russia. Living Planet. [S. l.], WWF-Russia, 2008, p. 8. (In Russian).

11. Belonovskaya E. A., Tishkov A. A., Vaisfel’d M. A., Glazov P. M., Krenke Jr A. N., Morozova O. V., Pokrovskaya I. V., Tsarevskaya N. G., Tertitskii G. M. “Greening” of the Arctic and current trends of its biota. Izv. RAN, Ser. geogr., 2016, no. 3, рр. 28—39. (In Russian).

12. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Vaisfel’d M. A. et al. “Greening” of the tundra as a driver of modern dynamics of the Arctic biota]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika. [Arctic: Ecology and Economy], 2018, no. 2 (30), рр. 31—44. DOI: 10.25283/2223-4594-2018-2-31-44. (In Russian).

13. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Vaysfel’d M. A. et al. Regional biogeographic effects of “fast” climate changes in the Russian Arctic in the 21st century. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika. [Arctic: Ecology and Economy], 2020, № 2 (38), pp. 31—45. (In Russian).

14. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Glazov P. M. et al. Tundra and forest of the Russian Arctic: vector of interaction in conditions of modern climate warming. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika. [Arctic: Ecology and Economy], 2020, no. 3 (39), pp. 48—61. DOI: 10.25283/2223-4594-2020-3-48-61. (In Russian).

15. Tishkov A. A., Belonovskaya E. A., Krenke A. N. et al. Changes in biological productivity of terrestrial ecosystems of the Russian Arctic in the XXI century. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika. [Arctic: Ecology and Economy], 2021, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29—41. DOI: 10.25283/2223-4594-2021-1-29-4. (In Russian).

16. Diagnostic analysis of the state of the environment of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Extended summary). B. A. Morgunov (ed.). Moscow, Scientific World, 2011, 200 p. (In Russian).

17. Climate change in the Russian Arctic: risks and new opportunities. Moscow, Skolkovo, 2022, 105 p. (In Russian).

18. Map “Biomes of Russia”. 1:7,500,000. (Ed. reprint. and add.). G. N. Ogureeva (ed.). Moscow, WWF Russia, 2018. (In Russian).

19. Biodiversity of Russian biomes. Lowland biomes. G. N. Ogureeva (ed.). Moscow, FGBI “IGKE”, 2020, 623 p. (In Russian).

20. National Atlas of the Arctic. Moscow, Russian Geographical Society, 2017, 496 p. (In Russian).

21. Morozova O. V., Tishkov A. A. Alien plant species of the Russian Arctic: spatial diversity, corridors and local invasions. Russian J. of Biological Invasions, 2021, no. 3, pp. 50—62. (In Russian).

22. Ermakov N. B. Prodromus of higher units of vegetation of Russia. Mirkin B. M., Naumova L. G. The current state of the basic concepts of vegetation science. Ufa, Gilem, 2012, pp. 377—483. (In Russian).

23. Matveeva N. V., Lavrinenko O. V. Checklist of syntaxons of the Russian Arctic: the current state of vegetation classification. Vegetation of Russia, 2021, no. 42, pp. 3—41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2021.42.3. (In Russian).

24. Walker D. A., Raynolds M. K., Daniëls F. J. A. et al. The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map. J. Veg. Sci, 2005, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 267—282. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02365.x.

25. Walker D. A., Daniëls F. J. A., Matveyeva N. V. et al. Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Classification. Phytocoenologia, 2017, Bd. 48, Hf. 2, pp. 181—201. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0192.

26. Bala G., Caldeira K., Mirin A. et al. Multicentury Changes to the Global Climate and Carbon Cycle: Results from a Coupled Climate and Carbon Cycle Model. J. of Climate, 2005, vol. 18, iss. 21, pp. 4531—4544.

27. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers. P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia et al. (eds.). IPCC, 2020, 41 р.