SPECIES DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE АRKHANGELSK REGION)

In our day, the impact of economic activity on the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation has increased. Therefore, a comprehensive study of these ecosystems is necessary. Role of zooplankton is particularly high in energy transformation and biotic circulation substances determining the productivity of the pond. At present, there is little data on the species diversity of the zooplankton community of watercourses the Arkhangelsk region that enters territorially into the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The characteristic of zooplankton community of watercourses are limited by several parameters in the literature (abundance, biomass, etc.) and by species composition. It is important to have representation of the current species diversity of the zooplankton community, that is composed of the total number of species (species richness) and uniformity (relative distribution of individuals among species). The research was carried out in the framework of the hydro-biological observations of the “Northern Agency for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring” in 2013-2014. Sampling and sample handling were conducted by standard methods. A comparative assessment of zooplankton communities of the Arkhangelsk watercourses was carried out using such characteristics as number of species in m³, abundance (specimen/m³), ratio of representatives of different taxonomic groups. Species diversity of zooplankton community was calculated on the basis of the Shannon diversity index for the abundance of zooplankton. We found that the species diversity of watercourses of the Arkhangelsk region is well traced by a dominant-diversity curve and confirmed by the Shannon index values, which are increasing at a greater species diversity and decrease at its contraction. For watercourses in the Arkhangelsk region, the maximum values of the Shannon index correspond to the period of intensive development of zooplankton (July, August) and are in range 2,20-3,58 in 2013 and 1,98-3,48 in 2014. The minimum values of the Shannon index correspond to the end of the growing season (October) and are in range 1,30-0,91 in 2013 and 1,69-0,92 in 2014. The structure-forming complex of the zooplankton community includes 3-5 species.

1. Rukovodstvo po gidrobiologicheskomu monitoringu presnovodnykh ekosistem. [Guidelines for hydrobiological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems]. Pod red. V. A. Abakumova. St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1992, 318 p. (In Russian).

2. Rodomazova L. V. Produktsionnye osobennosti zooplanktona kak kormovoi bazy ryb v intensivno ekspluatiruemykh rybovodnykh prudakh (na primere vodoemov Krasnodarskogo kraya) [Production features of zooplankton as a fodder base of fish in intensively exploited fishpond ponds (on the example of water bodies in the Krasnodar Territory)]. Avtoref. dis. ... kand. biol. nauk. Moscow, 1993, 31 p. (In Russian).

3. Bogatova I. B. Rybovodnaya gidrobiologiya. [Fish hydrobiology]. Moscow, Pishchevaya prom-st’, 1980, 168 p. (In Russian).

4. Shpet G. I. Biologicheskaya produktivnost’ ryb i drugikh zhivotnykh. [Biological productivity of fish and other animals]. Kiev, Urozhai, 1968, 92 p. (In Russian).

5. Estestvennaya kormovaya baza vyrostnykh i nagul’nykh prudov i puti ee uluchsheniya (metodicheskie rekomendatsii). [The natural forage base of the growing and feeding ponds and ways to improve it (methodological recommendations)]. L’vov, 1984, 31 p. (In Russian).

6. Vorob’eva T. Ya., Sobko E. I., Zabelina S. A. Prostranstvenno-vremennaya izmenchivost’ struktury planktonnykh soobshchestv ekosistemy ust’ya r. Severnoi Dviny. [Spatio-temporal variability of plankton community structures of the Northern Dvina river mouth ecosystem]. Vestn. Sever. (Arkt.) feder. un-ta. Ser. Estestv. nauki. 2010, no. 3, pp. 36—42. (In Russian).

7. Obzor zagryazneniya okruzhayushchei sredy na territorii deyatel’nosti FGBU «Severnoe UGMS» za 2013 god. [A survey of environmental pollution in the territory of activities “Northern Agency for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring” in 2013]. Arkhangel’sk, 2014, 236 p. (In Russian).

8. Vorob’eva T. Ya., Sobko E. I., Shorina N. V., Zabelina S. A. Sredoobrazuyushchaya rol’ planktonnykh soobshchestv ekosistemy ust’ya Severnoi Dviny. [Environmental role of planktonic communities in mouth of Northern Dvina ecosystem]. Izv. Samar. nauch. tsentra Ros. akad. nauk, 2010, vol. 12, no. 1 (4), pp. 920—924. (In Russian).

9. Makushenko M. E., Potapov A. A., Filin R. A. Zooplankton kak indikator kachestva vody prirodnykh vodotokov v raione mestorozhdeniya almazov im. M. V. Lomonosova. [Zooplankton as an indicator of water quality of natural watercourses in the area of the diamond deposit named after M.V. Lomonosov]. Vestn. S.-Peterb. un-ta. Ser. 3. Biologiya, 2008, vol. 3, pp. 17—28. (In Russian).

10. Komulainen S. F. Kruglova A. N., Baryshev I. A. Struktura i funktsionirovanie soobshchestv vodnykh organizmov v rekakh yuzhnogo (Pomorskogo) poberezh’ya Belogo morya. [Structure and functioning of aquatic organisms communities in the rivers of the southern (Pomorskii) coast of the White Sea]. Tr. Kol’skogo nauch. tsentra RAN. Prikladnaya ekologiya Severa, 2012, no. 1, pp. 109—125. (In Russian).

11. Koz’min A. K., Shatova V. V. Rybokhozyaistvennaya kharakteristika ozer Arkhangel’skoi oblasti. [Fisheries characteristics of the lakes of the Arkhangelsk Region]. Arkhangel’sk, 1997, 80 p. (In Russian).

12. Dvoryankin G. A. Ryby Kenozerskogo natsional’nogo parka. [Fish of the Kenozersky National Park]. Arkhangel’sk, Nats. park “Kenozerskii”, 2016, 98 p. (In Russian).

13. Fadeeva G. V., Studenov I. I., Novoselov A. P., Mitrofanova G. S. Sovremennoe sostoyanie zooplanktonnykh i zoobentosnykh soobshchestv ozer vodorazdela rek Megra i Soyana. [The current status of zooplankton and zoobenthos communities of the lakes of the watershed of the Megra and Soyan rivers]. Materialy otchetnoi sessii Severnogo otdeleniya PINRO po itogam nauchno-issledovatel’skikh rabot 2002—2003 gg. Arkhangel’sk, Izd-vo AGTU, 2005, pp. 69—93. (In Russian).

14. Koz’min A. K., Kulida S. V., Shatova V. V. Otsenka vozmozhnosti tovarnogo vyrashchivaniya foreli v Taltozere. [Estimation of the possibility of commodity trout farming in Taltoser]. Materialy otchetnoi sessii Severnogo otdeleniya PINRO po itogam nauchno-issledovatel’skikh rabot 2002—2003 gg. Arkhangel’sk, Izd-vo AGTU, 2005, pp. 275—284. (In Russian).

15. Zavisha A. G., Mitrofanova G. S., Studenov I. I., Novoselov A. P. Kharakteristika zooplanktona i zoobentosa ozer basseina rek Megra i Soyana po materialam 2004 goda. [Characteristics of zooplankton and zoobenthos in the lakes of the Megra and Soyan River basins according to materials from 2004]. Materialy otchetnoi sessii Severnogo filiala PINRO po itogam nauchno-issledovatel’skikh rabot 2003—2004 gg. Arkhangel’sk, 2007, pp. 104—116. (In Russian).

16. Fadeeva G. V., Danilova R. I. Zoobentos i zooplankton ozera Plesetskoe Arkhangel’skoi oblasti. [Zoobenthos and zooplankton of Plesetskoye Lake, Arkhangelsk Region]. Materialy rybokhozyaistvennykh issledovanii vodoemov Evropeiskogo Severa. Arkhangel’sk, Izd-vo “Pravda Severa”, 2002, pp. 99—103. (In Russian).

17. Mitrofanova G. S., Novoselov A. P., Studenov I. I., Dvoryankin G. A. Zooplankton ozer. [Zooplankton of lakes]. Komponenty ekosistem i bioraznoobrazie karstovykh territorii Evropeiskogo Severa Rossii (na primere zapovednika “Pinezhskii”). Arkhangel’sk, Solti, 2008, pp. 302—309. (In Russian).

18. Koz’min A. K. Rybnye resursy rek i ozer Evropeiskogo Severo-Vostoka Rossii: ikh sokhranenie i ispol’zovanie. [Fish resources of rivers and lakes of the European North-East of Russia: their conservation and use]. Murmansk, Izd-vo PINRO, 2011, 314 p. (In Russian).

19. Filimonova Z. I. Zooplankton priust’evogo uchastka i del’ty reki Severnoi Dviny. [Zooplankton of the estuary area and the delta of the Northern Dvina River]. Vodnye resursy Karelii i puti ikh ispol’zovaniya. Petrozavodsk, 1970, pp. 111—135. (In Russian).

20. Gordeeva L. I. Kharakteristika zooplanktona i kachestvo vody reki Onegi. [Characteristics of zooplankton and water quality of the Onega River]. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i kachestvo vod reki Onegi i vodoemov ee basseina. Petrozavodsk, Karel’skii fil. AN SSSR, 1983, pp. 53—71. (In Russian).

21. Odum Yu. Ekologiya. [Ecology]. Vol. 2. Moscow, Mir, 1986, 376 p. (In Russian).

22. Andronikova I. N. Strukturno-funktsional’naya organizatsiya zooplanktona ozernykh ekosistem raznykh troficheskikh tipov. [Structural-functional organization of zooplankton in lake ecosystems of various trophic types]. St. Peterburg, Nauka, 1996, 189 p. (In Russian).

23. Uitteker R. Soobshchestva i ekosistemy. [Communities and ecosystems]. Moscow, Progress, 1980, 327 p. (In Russian).

24. Podshivalina V. N. Sravnitel’naya otsenka raznoobraziya fauny zooplanktona vodoemov i vodotokov v zavisimosti ot prirodnykh uslovii. [Comparative reservoirs and rivers zooplankton fauna diversity assessment on the dependence of nature factors]. Izv. Samar. nauch. tsentra Ros. akad. nauk, 2014, vol. 16, no. 5 (5), pp. 1743—1746. (In Russian).

25. Podolyako S. A., Shtepina L. A. Otsenka urovnya bioraznoobraziya ikhtioplanktona i zooplanktona vodoemov nizov’ev del’ty Volgi. [The measure of level biodiversity of ichthyoplankton and zooplankton of water of Volga river delta lowlands]. Estestv. nauki, 2013, no. 2 (43), pp. 35—44. (In Russian).

26. Puznetskite K. S., Marushkina E. V. Primenenie indeksov al’fa-raznoobraziya zooplanktonnykh soobshchestv dlya otsenki troficheskogo statusa vodoemov (na primere nekotorykh ozer chebarkul’skoi gruppy) . [Applying of alpha-diversity indices of zooplankton communities for assessing the trophic status of water bodies (on the example of some lakes of the Chebarkul group)]. Vestn. Chelyab. gos. un-ta, 2005, vol. 12 (1), pp. 22—25. (In Russian).

27. Borutskoi E. V., Stepanova L. A., Kos M. S. Opredelitel’ Calanoida presnykh vod SSSR. [Determinant of Calanoida of fresh watersofUSSR]. Leningrad, Nauka, 1991, 504 p. (In Russian).

28. Opredelitel’ zooplanktona i zoobentosa presnykh vod Evropeiskoi Rossii. Vol. 1: Zooplankton. [Determinant of zooplankton and zoobenthos of fresh water in European Russia. Vol. 1: Zooplankton]. Pod red. V. R. Alekseeva, S. Ya. Tsalolikhina. Moscow, Tovarishchestvo nauch. izd. KMK, 2010, 495 p. (In Russian).

29. Manuilova E. F. Vetvistousye rachki fauny SSSR. [Cladocerans (Cladocera) fauna of the USSR]. Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka, 1964, 327 p. (In Russian).

30. Opredelitel’ presnovodnykh bespozvonochnykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. [Determinant of freshwater invertebrates of the European part of the USSR]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1977, 511 p. (In Russian).

31. Rylov V. M. Cyclopoida presnykh vod. Rakoobraznye. Fauna SSSR. Vol. 3 (3). [Freshwater Cyclopoida. Crustacea. Fauna of the USSR. Vol. 3 (3)]. Moscow, Leningrad, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1948, 320 p. (In Russian).

32. Shannon C. E., Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: The Univ. of Illinois Press, 1949, 117 p.

33. Fefilova E. B. Sostoyanie reki pechorskogo basseina posle avariinogo razliva nefti: otsenka izmenenii v soobshchestve zooplanktona. [State of the Pechora Basin after an oil spill: assessment of changes in the zooplankton community]. Vod. resursy, 2011, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 593—605. (In Russian).

34. Fefilova E. B. Faunisticheskii obzor zooplanktona vnutrennikh vod evropeiskogo Severo-Vostoka. [Faunistic survey of zooplankton of inland waters of the European North-East]. Vestn. In-ta biologii Komi NTs UrO RAN, 2009, no. 7, pp. 18—21. (In Russian).