LOCAL LABOR MARKETS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC: CLASSIFICATION BY ACTIVITY TYPE

The article considers theoretical approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the concept of local labor markets, compares the views of economists and sociologists to their essence and definition, and provides the types of labor markets, determined by the level of localization. Using the k-means clustering method, the authors propose a classification of the Arctic local labor markets by the types of economic activity; six groups of local labor markets are identified: extractive, processing, infrastructural, social, mixed and closed. In the European part of the Arctic, there are mostly processing labor markets and all are closed, while in the Asian part, extractive and infrastructural ones prevail.
The socio-demographic and labor characteristics of each group of local labor markets are identified. Arctic labor markets are strongly differentiated by socio-demographic and labor indicators. The share of men in the Novodvinsk UA (Urban Area) is 44.7%, while in Novaya Zemlya it is 68.2%. The migration growth rate varies from positive — 19.2 in the Severomorsk UA to negative — 38.2 in the Chukotka MA (Municipal Area). The share of the population with higher education in the Onega MA is 8.0, and in the Anadyr UA — 37.9%. The level of registered unemployment is minimal in the Anadyr UA –0.1%, and maximum in the Chukotka MA — 11.7%. In the three labor markets, salaries are lower than the national average ones (the Onega MA, the White Sea MA and the Novodvinsk UA), and in the four markets — more than 100 thousand rubles. In further studies of the Arctic labor markets, special attention should be paid to the study of unemployment and the problems of low salaries in social labor markets; the issues of interaction of indigenous peoples with industrial corporations require overcare.

1. Fauzer V. V., Lytkina T. S., Fauzer G. N. Osobennosti rasseleniya naseleniya v Arkticheskoi zone Rossii. [Features of population settlement in the Arctic zone of Russia]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2016, no. 2 (22), pp. 40—50. (In Russian).
2. Fauzer V. V. Demografiya i trudovoi potentsial razvitiya Respubliki Komi. [Demography and labor potential of the Komi Republic development]. Syktyvkar, 2007. 40 p. (Nauch. dokl. / Komi nauch. tsentr UrO RAN; iss. 492). (In Russian).
3. Fauzer V. V., Smirnov A. V. Rossiiskaya Arktika: ot ostrogov k gorodskim aglomeratsiyam. [The Russian Arctic: From Ostrogs to Urban Agglomerations]. EKO, 2018, no. 7, pp. 112—130. DOI: 10.30680/ESO0131-7652-2018-7-112-130. (In Russian).
4. Fauzer V. V., Klimashevskaya E. V. Chelovecheskie resursy energeticheskogo kompleksa Respubliki Komi. [Human Resources of the Energy Complex of the Komi Republic]. Syktyvkar, Komi kn. izd-vo, 2004, 176 p. (In Russian).
5. Ekimova K. V., Buravova S. V. Vzaimosvyaz’ lokal’nogo rynka truda, rynka nedvizhimosti i potrebitel’skogo rynka cherez sistemu vosproizvodstvennogo protsessa. [The Relationship of the Local Labor Market, the Real Estate Market and the Consumer Market through the Reproduction Process System]. Vestn. YuUrGU, 2012, no. 3, pp. 6—9. (In Russian).
6. Batorova E. M. Regulirovanie regional’nogo rynka truda kak sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoi podsistemy regiona. [Regulation of the Regional Labor Market as a Socio-economic Subsystem of the Region]. Avtoref. dis. ... kand. ekon. nauk: 08.00.05.Vost.-Sib. gos. tekhnolog. un-t. Ulan-Ude, 2006, 19 p. (In Russian).
7. Zainieva T. V. Lokal’nyi rynok truda i ego osobennosti. [The Local Labor Market and its Features]. Trud i sots. otnosheniya, 2009, no. 7, pp. 148—153. (In Russian).
8. Fokin V. Ya., Zainieva T. V. Sotsiologicheskii kontekst opredeleniya granits lokal’nykh rynkov truda. [Sociological Context of Determining the Boundaries of Local Labor Markets]. Diskussiya, 2015, no. 2, pp. 101—106. (In Russian).
9. Alaev E. B. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskaya geografiya: Ponyatiino-terminologicheskii slovar’. [Socio-economic geography: conceptual and terminological dictionary]. Moscow, Mysl’, 1983, 350 p. (In Russian).
10. Ekonomika truda i sotsial’no-trudovye otnosheniya. [Labor economics and socio-labor relations]. Pod red. G. G. Melik’yana, R. P. Kolosovoi. Moscow, Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta; Izd-vo CheRo, 1996, 623 p. (In Russian).
11. Rudenko G. G., Murtozaev B. Ch. Formirovanie rynkov truda. [Formation of Labor Markets]. Pod red. prof. Yu. G. Odegova. Moscow, Ekzamen, 2004, 416 p. (In Russian).
12. Khorunzhin M. G. Lokal’nyi rynok truda (teoreticheskii aspekt). [Local Labor Market (Theoretical Aspect)]. Problemy i perspektivy razvitiya ekonomiki i menedzhmenta v Rossii i za rubezhom: Materialy Vos’moi mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, 20 maya 2016 g. Rubtsov. industr. in-t. Rubtsovsk, 2016, pp. 95—102. (In Russian).
13. Zamyatina N. Yu., Pilyasov A. N. Kontseptsiya blizosti: zarubezhnyi opyt i perspektivy primeneniya v Rossii. [Concept of proximity: foreign experience and prospects of application in Russia]. Izv. RAN. Ser. geogr, 2017, no. 3, pp. 8—21. DOI: 10.7868/S037324441703001X. (In Russian).
14. Nivorozhkina L. I. Gendernaya differentsiatsiya: vliyanie lokal’nykh rynkov truda. [Gender Differentiation: the Impact of Local Labor Markets]. Ekon. vestn. Rostov. gos. un-ta, 2005, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 23—33. (In Russian).
15. Moretti E. Local Labor Markets. Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4b. Oxford, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 1237—1313. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02412-9.
16. Goetz S. Migration and Local Labor Markets. Regional Research Inst., West Virginia Univ, 1999. Available at: http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Goetz/migx5.htm.
17. Horan P. M., Tolbert C. M. The Organization of Work in Rural and Urban Labor Markets. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1984. (Rural Studies Series).
18. Bartik T. J. Evaluating the impacts of local economic development policies on local economic outcomes: what has been done and what is doable? Upjohn Working Papers. W.E. Upjohn Inst. for Employment Research, 2002, vol. 03—89.
19. Jungsberg L., Copus A., Nilsson K., Weber R. Demographic change and labour market challenges in regions with largescale resource-based industries in the Northern Periphery and Arctic. Stockholm, Nordregio, 2018, 42 p.
20. Lytkina T. S. Sotsial’nyi potentsial severnogo goroda: ot ignorirovaniya k priznaniyu. [The Social Potential of the Northern City: from Ignoring to Recognition]. Zhurn. sotsiologii i sots. antropologii, 2014, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 33—47. (In Russian).
21. Lytkina T. S. Chelovek na Severe posle raspada SSSR: ot priznaniya k ignorirovaniyu. [Man in the North after the Collapse of the USSR: from Recognition to Ignoring]. Izv. Komi nauch. tsentra UrO RAN, 2014, no. 3 (19), pp. 144—151. (In Russian).