THE INTEGRATED ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IN THE ARCTIC USING AEROSPACE IMAGE SITUATION

The article shoes the original methodology of assessment of ecological situation that allows ranking areas according to the degree of environmental problems. The proposed approach involves a complex assessment of the ecosystem state based on the present anthropogenic impact and development prediction of the detected negative changes in nature. The distinctive feature of the methodology is the possibility to prepare the necessary initial data as a result of aerospace data processing that is the main source of up-to-date information about large and hard-to-reach Arctic territories.

For the complex assessment of ecosystem state we propose to use complex parameters of ecosystem stability and anthropogenic load. The complex parameter of ecosystem stability defines its adaptive capacity and depends on phytomass amount and bioproductivity of vegetation cover which prevails in a surveyed area. These parameters define productive properties of vegetation and are calculated as a result of the processing of multispectral data in the visible and near infrared range of the spectrum. The parameters of anthropogenic load are calculated separately for each natural component (water, soil and vegetation) and pollutions which were identified on the image. The partial estimates show the influence level of each detected negative fact in accordance with its danger and area distribution. The complex index of anthropogenic load on ecosystem is wholly estimated by taking into account all the component indicators. The ratio between the complex parameters of ecosystem stability and anthropogenic load is adopted as a criterion for establishing the level of ecological problem.

Consequently the indicators, determined by the methodology, allow us not only to scale a harmful effect but also to predict negative changes in the environment identified with the help of the remote sensing data. The proposed principle of object ranking, which is based on the environmental situation, can be used for decision-making about urgency and priority of elimination of the detected violation.

In the article we give some examples of the practical implementation of the methodology for processing of air environmental monitoring of objects located in the Arctic zone of Russia. In accordance with the proposed system of parameters the environmental situation of the most studied territories can be characterized as crisis or catastrophic.

1. Grigor’eva O. V., Saidov A. G., Panin A. V. Indikator sostoyaniya pochvo-gruntov v raionakh obrashcheniya neſti i neſteproduktov, poluchennyi nekontaktnymi sredstvami nablyudenii. [The indicator of soil condition in areas of oil and oil products circulation obtained by non-contact means of monitoring]. Ekologiya i prom-st’ Rossii, 2010, no. 10, pp. 2—5. (In Russian).

2. Grigor’eva O. V., Chapurskii L. I. Problemy sozdaniya i informatsionnogo napolneniya bazy dannykh po koeffitsientam spektral’noi yarkosti ob”ektov nazemnykh ekosistem. [The problems of creation and content of the database from the coefficients of the spectral brightness of the objects of terrestrial ecosystems]. Sovrem. problemy distants. zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2012, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 18—25. (In Russian).

3. Markov A. V., Grigor’eva O. V., Brovkina O. V., Mochalov V. F., Zhukov D. V. Avtomatizirovannye metody otsenki sostoyaniya okruzhayushchei sredy po dannym mul’ti i giperspektral’noi kosmicheskoi s”emki. [Automated methods for environmental assessment based on multi- and hyperspectral imagery]. Geomatika, 2012, no. 4, pp. 102—106. (In Russian).

4. Markov A. V., Grigor’eva O. V., Zhukov D. V. Razrabotka algoritmov eff ektivnoi tematicheskoi obrabotki dannykh giperspektral’nykh sistem dlya identifikatsii ob”ektov landshaſt a. [The development of efficient algorithms for thematic processing of hyperspectral systems for the identifi cation of landscape objects]. Nauch.-tekhn. zhurn. “Kontenant”, 2013, no. 2 (12), pp. 90—99. (In Russian).

5. Brovkina O., Hanuš J., Zemek F., Mochalov V., Grigorieva O., Pikl M. Evaluation the potential of satellite hyperspectral Resours-P2 data forest application. Intern. society for photogrammetry and remote sensing. ISPRS Congress. Prague, 2016.

6. Krapivin V. F., Kondrat’ev K. Ya. Global’nye izmeneniya okruzhayushchei sredy: ekoinformatika. [Environmental global change: ecoinformatics]. St. Petersburg, 2002, 724 p. (In Russian).

7. Xiao X., Hollinger D., Aber J., Goltz M., Davidson E. A., Zhang Q., Moore B. Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needleleaf forest. Remote sensing of environment, 2004, 89 (4), pp. 519—534.

8. Sellers P. J., Los S. O., Tucker C. J., Justice C. O., Dazlich D. A., Collatz G. J., Randall D. A. A global 1 by 1 degree NDVI data set for climate studies. Pt. 2: The generation of global fi elds of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. Intern. J. of Remote Sensing, 1994, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 3519—3545.

9. Khaustov A. P. Prirodopol’zovanie, okhrana okruzhayushchei sredy i ekonomika: Teoriya i praktikum: Uchebnoe posobie. [Environmental management, environmental protection and economy: theory and practice]. Pod red. A. P. Khaustova. Moscow, Izd-vo RUDN, 2006, 613 p. (In Russian).

10. Saidov A. G., Grigor’eva O. V., Panin A. V. Integral’naya otsenka negativnykh vozdeistvii tekhnogennykh ob”ektov na okruzhayushchuyu sredu s ispol’zovaniem materialov aerokosmos”emki. [Integral estimation of negative impacts of technogenic objects in the environment using airborn data]. Tr. SPIIRAN, 2013, vyp. 8 (31), pp. 177—189. (In Russian).

11. Asai K., Vatada D., Ivai S. Prikladnye nechetkie sistemy. [Applied fuzzy systems]. Per. s yapon. Pod red. T. Terano, K. Asai, M. Sugeno. Moscow, Mir, 1993, 368 p. (In Russian).

12. Kim Dzh. O., M’yuller Ch. U., Klekka U. R. Faktornyi, diskriminantnyi i klasternyi analiz: Per. s angl. [Factor, discriminant and cluster analysis]. Moscow, Finansy i statistika, 1989, 215 p. (In Russian).

13. Vinogradov B. V. Ekologicheskaya interpretatsiya aerokosmicheskikh izmerenii geofi zicheskikh eff ektov antropogennykh vozdeistvii: Problemy ekologicheskogo monitoringa i modelirovaniya ekosistem. [Ecological interpretation of aerospace measurements of geophysical eff ects of anthropogenic impacts]. Moscow, 1983, 411 p. (In Russian).

14. Aibulatov N. A. Deyatel’nost’ Rossii v pribrezhnoi zone morya i problemy ekologii. [Activity of Russia in the coastal area and ecological problems]. Otv. red. V. I. Osipov. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, 364 p. (In Russian).

15. Safonova O. A. Problemy likvidatsii nakoplennogo ekologicheskogo ushcherba v Chukotskom avtonomnom okruge. [The problems of elimination of accumulated environmental damage in The Chukotka Autonomous district]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2014, no. 1 (13), pp. 74—79. (In Russian).

16. Sokolov Yu. I. Arktika: k probleme nakoplennogo ekologicheskogo ushcherba. [Arctic. The problem of accumulated environmental damage]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2013, no. 2 (10), pp. 18—27. (In Russian).

17. Letuchii Yu. A. Otsenivanie ekologicheskogo ushcherba ot deyatel’nosti vooruzhennykh sil v Arkticheskom regione. [Assessment environmental damage from the activities of the armed forces in the Arctic]. Tr. Voen.-kosmich. akad. im. A. F. Mozhaiskogo, 2015, pp. 175—180. (In Russian).

18. Programma ochistki arkhipelaga Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa. [Cleanup of the archipelago Franz-Joseph]. Available at: http://www.polarf.ru/franz_josef/. (In Russian).