NORTHERN REINDEER BREEDING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: GENETIC RESOURCE, CULTURAL HERITAGE AND BUSINESS

The article discovers the importance of reindeer herding as a genetic resource, the world’s cultural heritage and as a form of business. It is highlighted the difference between wild and domesticated forms of reindeer for the life and culture of indigenous people of the Arctic. It is presented a brief excurse into the origin of entrepreneurship among herders, it is allocated a special role in this process of sub-ethnic group of the Komi-Izhemtsy. It is presented a special way of development of the Nenets reindeer compared to the all-Russian one based on the comparison of animal livestock population trends over the 1930-2015. It is substantiated the leading economic role of the private sector in the preservation of the Nenets traditional industry in the Russian Arctic. It is shown the environmental danger of uncontrolled introduction of commercial schemes in herding, which causes to overgrazing and degradation of tundra pastures. It is proposed to monitor of pastures using by herders themselves through elected structures. It is analyzed the current status of the local deer breed. The necessity of the development and introduction of scientific methods of breeding work in the northern reindeer herding is substantiated. It is proposed to consider the possibility of conservation of genetic resources of domesticated reindeer by the partial resettlement of the animals from the tundra to the forest zone, caring out the innovative technologies of content.

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