ON COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE TO THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION IN THE CITIES OF THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FROM AIR POLLUTION

Many Arctic cities are characterized by a high level of air pollution. The air pollution with harsh climatic conditions increases the health risk of population and, except for diseases and associated discomfort, causes the population additional financial losses, which are currently not compensable. The article presents a complex methodological approach aimed at increasing the socio-economic security and quality of life of the population of the Arctic territories upon the air pollution. We propose address compensation for damage to the health of citizens due to air pollution caused by man-made emissions. The compensation mechanism is based on the application of hedging using the forecast of air pollution and the health risk, as well as identification of air pollution sources. Hedging involves the interaction of three main participants: a citizen, a source of air pollution (polluter), an insurance fund. This interaction is regulated by a derivative — a special contract, according to which the citizen “shifts” the health risk to the insurance fund for a fee paid by the polluter. The basic index of the contract is the health risk. We have developed a methodology for forecasting air pollution and the health risk to determine the value of the contract. The methodology is based on the methods of sensitivity theory and the methodology for health risk assessment U.S. EPA. We have also developed a method for identification of air pollution sources to determine polluters and their contribution into pollution. This will determine the value of the contract for the polluter and the amount of compensation. The method is based on minimization of a special functional constructed with the main and conjugate solutions of the problem of the pollutant transfer-diffusion. The main positive effects of compensation are increased opportunities for the prevention of environmentallyrelated diseases for the population, motivation of polluters to reduce emission, reduce of air pollution and health risks.

1. Akimov V. A., Kozlov K. A., Kosorukov O. A. Sovremennyye problemy Arkticheskoy zony Rossiyskoy Federatsii. [Actual problems of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation]. Moscow, VNII GOChS, 2014, 308 pp. (In Russian).
2. Chashchin V. P., Gudkov A. B., Popova O. N. et al. Kharakteristika osnovnykh faktorov riska narusheniy zdorovia naseleniya, prozhivayushchego na territoriyakh aktivnogo prirodopolzovaniya v Arktike. [Characteristics of the main risk factors of health disorders of the population living in the territories of active nature applying in the Arctic]. Ekologiya cheloveka, 2014, no. 1, pp. 3—12. (In Russian).
3. Federalnyy zakon “Ob osnovakh obyazatelnogo sotsialnogo strakhovaniya” [On the foundation of compulsory social insurance] ot 16 iyulya 1999 g. no. 165-FZ. (In Russian).
4. Prosekova E. V., Derkach V. V., Shestovskaya T. N., Geltser B. I. Ekonomicheskiye zatraty i meditsinskiye problemy pri allergicheskikh zabolevaniyakh u detey v Primorskom kraye. [Economic costs and medical problems in allergic diseases of children in the Primorsky region]. Dalnevost. med. zhurn, 2008, no. 2, pp. 115—119. (In Russian).
5. Makosko A. A., Matesheva A. V., Fetisov V. P. Individualno oriyentirovannaya ekonomicheskaya otsenka riska zdorovyu, obuslovlennogo zagryazneniyem atmosfery. [Individually oriented economic estimation of the risk to health due to pollution of the atmosphere]. Innovatsii, 2014, no. 10 (192), pp. 14—19. (In Russian).
6. Trudovoy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Labor code of the Russian Federation] ot 30 dekabrya 2001 g. no. 197-FZ. (In Russian).
7. Zakon RF “O gosudarstvennykh garantiyakh i kompensatsiyakh dlya lits, rabotayushchikh i prozhivayushchikh v rayonakh Kraynego Severa i priravnennykh k nim mestnostyakh” [On state guarantees and compensations for persons working and living in the Far North and equivalent territories] ot 19 fevralya 1993 g. № 4520-1. (In Russian).
8. Makosko A. A., Matesheva A. V. Metodicheskiye osnovy dolgosrochnogo prognoza riska zdorovyu naseleniya megapolisa pri tekhnogennom zagryaznenii atmosfery. [Methodical foundations of long-term prediction of risk to public health in the metropolis due to technogenic pollution of the atmosphere]. Innovatsii, 2009, no. 10 (132), pp. 46—50. (In Russian).
9. Makosko A. A., Matesheva A. V. Opyt identifikatsii istochnikov khimicheskogo zagryazneniya atmosfery v Moskovskom regione. [An experience of the identification of air pollution sources in the Moscow region]. Ros. khim. zhurn, 2016, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 113—120. (In Russian).
10. Makosko A. A., Matesheva A. V. O khedzhirovanii riskov dlya zdorovia naseleniya v usloviyakh postoyannogo vozdeystviya zagryaznennogo vozdukha. [About hedging of health risks upon the permanent impact of polluted air]. Geoekologiya. Inzhener. geologiya. Gidrogeologiya. Geokriologiya, 2010, no. 4, pp. 374—382. (In Russian).
11. Makosko A. A., Matesheva A. V. O strategii ekologicheskogo risk-menedzhmenta v oblasti zagryazneniya atmosfery dlya povysheniya kachestva zhizni naseleniya v gorodakh. [About strategy of environmental risk management in the field of air pollution to improve the quality of life in cities]. Innovatsii, 2010, no. 6 (140), pp. 86—89. (In Russian).
12. Rukovodstvo po otsenke riska dlya zdorovia naseleniya pri vozdeystvii khimicheskikh veshchestv. zagryaznyayushchikh okruzhayushchuyu sredu. [Public health risk assessment guidelines due to impact of the chemical substances polluted environment]. R 2.1.10.1920-04. Utv. glavnym gosudarstvennym sanitarnym vrachom RF 5 marta 2004 g. (In Russian).
13. The Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Guidance Manual for Preparation of Health Risk Assessments. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program: Risk Assessment Guidelines, California EPA. [S. l.], Febr. 2015.
14. Aniskina O. G., Panin B. D. Issledovaniye chuvstvitelnosti diskretnoy prognosticheskoy modeli s pomoshchyu uravneniy v variatsiyakh. [Investigation of the sensitivity of a discrete predictive model using equations in variations]. Mezhvuz. sb. Vyp. 114. Leningrad, LGMI, 1992, pp. 4—11. (In Russian).
15. Air Toxics Hot Spots Risk Assessment Guidelines. Pt. II. Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors. California EPA. [S. l.], May 2009.
16. Air Toxics Hot Spots Risk Assessment Guidelines. Technical Support Document for the Derivation of Noncancer Reference Exposure Levels. California EPA. [S. l.], June 2008.
17. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Database. U.S. EPA. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/.
18. Marchuk G. I. Matematicheskoye modelirovaniye v probleme okruzhayushchey sredy. [Mathematical modeling in the environmental problem]. Moscow, Nauka, 1982, 320 p. (In Russian).
19. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii k ekonomicheskoy otsenke riskov dlya zdorovia naseleniya pri vozdeystvii faktorov sredy obitaniya. [Methodical recommendations for the economic assessment of risks to public health under the influence of environmental factors]. MR 5.1.0029-11. Utv. glavnym gosudarstvennym sanitarnym vrachom RF 31 iyulya 2011 g. (In Russian).